Best Digital Tv Standard Free Essays

string(29) " from the rest of the world\." The quality of broadcasting is changing by the appearance of the services which fuses broadcasting communication technologies. Different standard has been developed for this purpose to improve the quality of service. The aim of my investigation is to find out the development path of the digital broadcasting standard in Europe, USA and Japan. We will write a custom essay sample on Best Digital Tv Standard or any similar topic only for you Order Now In this paper I also outline the operation of each standard and present their comparison based on their services and technical parameter. * Table of Contents 1Abstract:I 2LIST OF TABLE amp; FIGUREII 3Introduction:2 4Standard3 . 1DVB-T (Digital Video Broadcasting-Terrestrial)3 4. 2ATSC (Advanced Television Systems Committee)5 4. 3ISDB-T (integrated service digital broadcasting-terrestrial)7 5Comparison:10 5. 1Comparison from the service aspect10 5. 2Technical comparison11 5. 3The summary comparison of the three standard11 6Conclusion12 7References13 LIST OF TABLE amp; FIGURE Table 1: Broadcasting service of 3 DTTB systems. 11 Table 2: Technical Services of 3 DTTB systems. 12 Table 3: Summary of 3 DTTB systems comparison13 Figure 1: worldwide deployment4 Figure 2: DVB -T SFN Network Architecture5Figure 3: ATSC Tuners7 Figure 4: ATSC System7 Figure 5: ISDB-T System in Japan8 Figure 6: ISDB-T Segmentation9 Figure 7: ISDB-T Operation9 Introduction: Digital broadcasting set to transform the communication landscape now a day. The digital switchover will leapfrog existing technologies to connect the uncorrected in underserved remote communities and close the digital divide. The goal of this achievement is to bring structural development of digital terrestrial broadcasting and sufficient flexibilities for adoption to the changing telecommunication environment.The switchover will create new distribution network and expand the potential and multimedia data making application and services. The digital dividend accruing from efficient in spectrum usage will allow more channels to be carried across fewer airwaves and lead to greater convergence of services. The d igital broadcasting will support mobile video internet and multimedia data making application, services and information accessible and usable anywhere and at any time. Its inherent flexibility opens the door for new technology such as high-definition television and handheld TV broadcasting. StandardThe digital television standard describes a system designed to transmit signal by means of digital modulation technique. Moreover it permit’s a level of quality and flexibility and enable a significant step up performance, services. The level of standardization of the DVB is quite advanced, and relevant recent international standards and related documents are introduced and referred to for easy access to the agenda seeking technical details. Each standard proposed and established by the regional consortium, research centre and Telecommunication Company according the local broadcasting consumer needs, demand and different parameter.There are several digital TV standards developed and deployed in different countries: * ATSC standard for US * ISDB-T in JAPAN * DVB-T in Europe. Fig 1 shows the globally deployment of the above standard [1] Figure [ 1 ]: worldwide deployment Source: http://dev. emcelettronica. com/digital-tv-standards-dvb-t-atsc-isdb-t DVB-T (Digital Video Broadcasting-Terrestrial) In early 1990 European broadcaster, equipment manufacturer and regulatory agencies have managed to develop a standard for digital TV for this region. A memorandum of understand has been launched by the stake holder and was signed September 1993.The mission of this group is to protect inter operable standards for the global delivery of digital media service [1]. The DVB-T standard has been designed for stationary and portable terrestrial reception with multi path fading. It uses OFDM with guard interval because it uses large number of carrier per channel modulated in parallel via an FFT process. There are two transmission modes; the first one is 8k mode which requires smaller symbol length and 8192-point FFT. It is suitable and design for single frequency network (SFN). An SFN is a network where a number of transmitters operate on the same RF frequency [Fig2].An SFN can cover a country and offer better utilization of the available spectrum. Figure [ 2 ]: DVB -T SFN Network Architecture The second mode is called 2K mode which use 2048-point FFT. It can be use for single transmitter operation and small SFN with limited distance between two transmitters. The guard interval is 25% of the total symbol length but shorter guard interval is also possible [1] [2]. source 1,2 The total bandwidth for the terrestrial 8MHz TV channels is 7. 6MHz but the system parameters can be scaled for 6/7 MHz TV channels. The bit rate for the 8MHz is 4. 98Mbits/s to 31. 7 Mbits/s but this range is depends on channel choosing, coding parameters, modulation techniques and guard interval duration. DVB-T use coherent modulation. Different signal constellations need to be considered between QPSK and 64-QAM. In the receive side estimated channel amplitude and phase are required and use 10% of the total bandwidth [2] [3] . Source 2,3. It also has the capacity of using hierarchical modulation technique where two completely separate data stream are modulated onto a single DVB-T signal. A high priority stream is embedded within a low priority stream.As a result the broadcaster can target two different types of receiver with two different services. â€Å"For example, DVB-H mobile TV services optimized for more difficult reception conditions could be placed in the HP stream, with HDTV services targeted to fixed antennas delivered in the LP stream [7]. † Terrestrial DVB-T implement coded orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) because of its tolerance to multipath. It provide data payload up to 19Mbps which allow transmitting one HDTV program and up to 4SD program. The channel coding is based on convolution code and the range of code rates are ? , 2/3, 5/6, 7/8. In DVB-T system the data and transmission level separated in order to ignore unequal error protection (UEP). For video coding where low bit error rates are required use outer Reed-Solomon (RS) code where a block of 188 byte data is coded into block of 204 byte data. The error which is produced by the decoder has eliminated by inserting short byte interleaver between the outer RS code and inner convolutional code [2]. Source 2 DVB-T2 is a new transmission standard which is the upgraded version of DVB-T. It offers 30% increase in multiplexing capacity then the DVB-T standard. ATSC (Advanced Television Systems Committee)In the USA the broadcasting environment is considerably different from the rest of the world. You read "Best Digital Tv Standard" in category "Papers" The technical parameter of the station resulting in different coverage area and quality of audio or video service appear to be important economic factor that are the vital to the broadcaster in which many of them think it has to be preserved in the transition to the digital system. After a decade of intense research and development by the Advanced Television System Committee and a consortium of electronics and telecommunications companies has develop a standard for this region which is ATSE standard.In early 1990 ATSE standard was developed and offer high quality of video and audio transmission and ancillary data over single 6MHz terrestrial television broadcast channel [2]. Source book This standard use single carrier modulation scheme and adopted eight level vestigial sideband amplitude modulation technique. In this technique the data are encoded by varying the amplitude of a single carrier frequency. Portions of one of the redundant sidebands are removed to form a vestigial sideband signal. A significant advantage of 8VSB for broadcasters is that it requires much less power to cover an area. VSB is also more resistant to impulse noise. Some stations can cover the same area while transmitting at an effective radiated power of approximately 25% of analog broadcast power [9]. Source http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/8VSB . In ATSE system Multiple MPEG programs are combined then sent to a transmitting antenna. In the US broadcast digital TV system, an ATSC receiver then decodes the TS and displays it on a TV [Fig 3] [11]. Figure 3: ATSC Tuners Source: http://www. answers. com/topic/atsc-tuner This standard can reliably deliver 19. 4 Mbits/s of data throughput in a single channel and 38. Mbits/s in 6MHz cable television channel. This means encoding HD video essence at 1. 106 Gb/s (highest rate progressive input) or 1. 244 Gb/s (highest rate interlaced input) requires bit rate reduction by a factor of 60. ATSC use compression technology to achieve the bit rate reduction. It uses minimum bits of video, audio and data for the compression to optimize the scarce resource of the transmission channel. During the compression scheme it also preserves the level of quality of the application [5]. Figure [ 4 ]: ATSC System ATSC have two modes of operation.One is 8-VSB simulcast terrestrial mode and the other is 16-VSB high data rate mode. It use huge data ‘pipeline’ to support a wide Varity of application. In a 6Hz channel a broadcaster can transmit HD program or an HDTV program with one or more simultaneous standard definition program or multiple simultaneous SDTV program or a virtually limitless array of data service or various combination of all three[5]. ISDB-T (integrated service digital broadcasting-terrestrial) Figure [ 5 ]: ISDB-T System in Japan NHK Science and Technical Research Lab in Japan have proposed the concept of ISDB standard.From this approach a system was created and configured for the terrestrial broadcasting. The most important aims were to establish this terrestrial system to achieve frequency efficient coverage and flexibility by using Single Frequency Network (SFN), portable and mobile receiver with rugged reception. To establish this concept a variant of OFDM was developed in order to build Band Segment Transmission (BST) OFDM. In BST-OFDM each signal consists of frequency block with bandwidth of 571500 or 428 KHz corresponding to 1/14 of the terrestrial television channel spacing [2].It could be 6, 7 or 8 depending on region. It uses different carrier modulation scheme and coding rates of the inner code on the different BST-Segment for its hierarchical transmission [3]. Figure [ 6 ]: ISDB-T Segmentation Source : http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/ISDB ISDB-T use UHE 470MHz to 77MHz and has 6MHz width fifty two channel. Each channel are the combination of 13 segment. The TV station uses the combination of the segment for broadcasting the TV program. For example they combine one 12segment for HDTV program, one 8segment for MDTV and three 4segment use for SDTV program[fig6][10]. seg use single segment for mobile terrestrial digital audio/video broadcasting services. The transport stream used for 1seg is MPEG-4AVC [Fig 7]. Figure [ 7 ]: ISDB-T Operation Source http://dev. emcelettronica. com/digital-tv-standards-dvb-t-atsc-isdb-t Each case the basic modulation and coding modes of segment are QPSK, DQPSK, 16QAM and 64QAM and codes rates between 1/2 and 7/8 are available. Time interleaving technique has been implementing for enhancing reception performance in the noisy, mobile indoor environment. It also use Emergency Warning System (EWS) feature to warn the population in emergencies.ISDB-T can transmit one HDTV and up to 4 SDTV by using MPEG-2 transporting stream while the transport stream used for 1seg is MPEG-4 AVC. Comparison: Each standard have their unique features, techniques and performance depending upon the geographical infrastructure, consumer demand. Therefore, countries and its administrations does the intense research before deploy them. The selection mainly based on modulation technique, the use of spectrum resources, coverage requirement, transmission network structure, reception condition, type of service required, cost to the consumers and broadcasters[3].After my investigation I tried to establish a comparable analysis by considering different impairments and operational conditions. Comparison from the service aspect The following table 1 shows the summary of the performances of 3 DTTB system standards from their service aspect: The SFN operation uses a cluster of transmitter in DVB-T and ISBD-T to cover a designated service area and provide strong field strength throughout the core coverage area. ATSC system does not design to support SFN operation, because ATSC Standard has ad opted single carrier system [1]. Item | DVB-T| ATSC| ISBD-T|HDTV/SDTV fixed reception | Yes| Yes | Yes | Data Broadcasting| Possible1| possible1| In service| SFN(Single Frequency Network)| Yes | No | Yes | HDTV mobile reception| Not possible2| Impossible | Good | Portable reception by cellular phone| possible3| Impossible | Good | Internet access| possible| Not good| Good | Table 1: Broadcasting service of 3 DTTB systems. Note: 1. For ATSC and DTV-T, actual commercial service is not popular. 2. For DVB-T, SDTV mobile reception is possible. 3. In the case of DVB-T, another frequency required for portable reception service.Technical comparison This table shows the comparisons based on their technical parameters [1]: Systems | ATSC| DVB-T| ISDB-T| Transmission | Single carrier | Multiple carrier(OFDM)| Multiple carrier(OFDM)| Bandwidth | 6/7/8 MHz| 6/7/8 MHz| 6/7/8 MHz| Modulation | 8-VSB| QPSK/16QAM/64 QAM| DQPSK/QPSK/16QAM/64 QAM| Error Correction| Trellis code + RS| Convolutional code + RS| Convolutional code + RS| characteristic| Distributed transmission capability | SFN capability | SFN capability Segmented OFDM Time interleaving| Table 2: Technical Services of 3 DTTB systems. The summary comparison of the three standard After all discussion I can summarize the comparison of the three standard the following way [8]. Requirements | System conform to requirements| Maximum bit rate under Gaussian noise environment| ATSC| Robustness against multi-path interference | DVB-T and ISDB-T| Robustness against impulse noise | ISDB-T| Wide area Single Frequency Network operation| DVB-T and ISDB-T| Mobility and portability | ISDB-Tgt;gt;DVB-T |Hierarchical transmission(Multiple modulation systems simultaneously in same channel is possible)| ISDB-Tgt;gt;DVB-T | System commonality with digital terrestrial sound Broadcasting | ISDB-T| Table [ 3 ]: Summary of 3 DTTB systems comparison 1. Under the static multipath condition, DVB-T and ISDB-T are almost same, but under the dynamic multipath condition ISDB-T is superior than DVB-T because ISDB-T support the time interleave 2. DVB-T has a offered hierarchical transmission function (non-uniform transmission), but it has no prac tical service in the world because of it degrade performance of the receiving side.Source : Published in June, 2007 http://www. dibeg. org/techp/techp. htm Conclusion The merits of the digital TV standard has been recognized in worldwide because of its offer like more TV channels, better images and improved sound quality. These broadcasting standards also allow new possibilities like pay TV, video-on-demand and interactive contents. But neither of these technologies will appear as conquering over the other, and neither will be forced to accept a role as the failure in the records of broadcasting history.In fact, all these standards can and likely playing equally important roles in the terrestrial TV broadcasting industry. Therefore, the choice will be based on how those digital TV standards meet the particular requirements or priorities of each country as well as the nontechnical factors such as geographical, economical and political condition of the country need to be considered. The broadcasting industry is going through a massive technical up gradation phase. This phase brings many open door opportunities for various players acr oss the value chain of digital broadcasting. Proper government policies and regulation are essential to protect unlawful abuser. Decisions by the government, companies, competitors and consumer are playing critical roles in the development and promoting of digital terrestrial television technology.References 1. Diego Villa, â€Å"Digital TV Standard: DVB-T, ATSC, ISDB-T,† Your Electronic Open Source, Nov 26th, 2008[online]. Available: http://dev. emcelettronica. com/digital-tv-standards-dvb-t-atsc-isdb-t. [Accessed: Dec 2nd, 2009] 2. W. Hoeg and T. Lauterbach, Digital Audio Broadcasting principles and applications of Digital Radio, second Edition. England: John Wiley, 2003 3. Y. Wu, E. Pliszka, B. Caron, P. Bouchard, and G. Chouinard, â€Å"Comparison of Terrestrial DTV Transmission System: The ATSC 8-VSB, the DVB-T COFDM, and the ISDB-T BST-OFDM,† IEEE TRANSACTION ON BROADCASTING, VOL. 46, NO. 2, JUNE 2000. 4. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/ATSC_(standards) How to cite Best Digital Tv Standard, Papers

Marketing Planning Orientation and Performance MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Marketing Planning Orientation and Performance. Answer: Introduction Market orientation is defined as the philosophy that any Management business organization follows, analysing the market trends and designing the products according to the contemporary trends. Market orientation is also referred to as the business model that is focused on delivering the right product, to the right market, with the right price. This concept is an essential and inevitable concept in marketing; hence this topic has been chosen to be reviewed. It is essential that a business organization analysis the market, before venturing into the market. Thus, the importance of this concept makes it being reviewed. The scope of the review is very wide. However, the two main concepts of market orientation includes the market orientation as the process of implementation of the marketing concept and the organizational culture, has been discussed in details along with the intricate details of marketing mix (Acquaah et al. 2016). The peer-reviewed journals have been chosen for review that has wide details of the marketing orientation concept. Only recent journals have been selected for review such that the present scenario of the market could be captured. The concept of marketing orientation is a recent one, developed mainly by two people, Kohli and Narver (Jaworski and Kohli 2017). The main concepts of marketing orientation revolve around the implementation of the marketing concept as well as the culture of the organization. The era of market orientation evolved in order to cope up with the demands of the customers as well as the rapid growth in competition (Jaworski and Kohli 2017). The beginning of 1970s first witnessed the concept of market orientation with the Harvard professor Thoedore Levitt. The sales orientation model previously used was ill-equipped and does not encompass the product based and marketing based concepts. Hence, the requirement of a model that would encompass the complete production and delivery process gave rise to the market orientation process (Jaworski and Kohli 2017). Once the significance of the concept was identified, it started being used widely by various business organizations. The utility of this con cept made it popular and is widely used in the real world business. The market oriented companies revolve around the concepts of the process and requirements gathering, production, marketing and delivery (Boso et al. 2013). Competitor analysis and marketing mix are important concepts that play a vital role in the marketing concept. The marketing orientation components are the customer orientation, competition orientation and the inter-functional coordination (Urde et al. 2013). In core concept of market orientation revolves around the customers and their demands. Hence using the methodologies of market orientation, the companies try to work efficiently to fulfil the customer requirements (Jaworski and Kohli 2017). Previous studies on the market analysis highlights the concept that the Management market has a key role to play in the concept of market orientation. The analysis of the market is essential in order to develop a deep understanding of the modern market trends (Becker and Brettel 2017). The products that are being popularized are identified. The products rising in demand are highlighted by market analysis. The demands of the customers are also identified. Hence market analysis is a popular concept in market orientation. The business organizations need to incorporate the principles of market analysis and enhance the productivity of the business organizations. The customer orientation highlights the concept of approaches to sales that any business organization has to adopt, in order to fulfil the customer demands (Huang and Sarigll 2014). The employees need to focus on the customer relationships and ensure a long term relation with them. This is essential in achieving customer loyalty and ensures customer retention (Jaworski and Kohli 2017). This focuses on the analysis of the market of the other contemporary companies and the ways they are performing. The competition analysis and orientation is essential, in order to identify the strengths and weaknesses of a business, in comparison to its competitors (Baker and Sinkula 2015). This analysis needs to be done diligently, such that the weaknesses of the competitors could be exploited and developed as strength. This is an essential marketing orientation concept, and needs to be given much importance (Jaworski and Kohli 2017). Inter-functional coordination This refers to the coordination among the various units of the organization that works in a collaborative manner such that the goals of the organizations are fulfilled. This is an essential concept in the market orientation since without inter-functional coordination; the organizational goals cannot be achieved. Marketing mix is a strategy to target suitable product in right place at appropriate time. The marketing mix is associated with 4Ps of product along with 7Ps of service marketing. Marketing expert E.Jerome McCarthy developed 4P classification which is the foundation of marketing mix idea. This was later modified to 7P model considering additional dimensions attributed to service industry. Product may be in form of services or goods. Marketers must do an extensive analysis on life cycle of proposed product to make sure it serves the need of target community. To develop correct product market must account several factors such as point of purchase, point of sales, usability, branding (Pulendran et al. 2015). Price is an important factor of marketing plan. Adjusting price has bigger impact on entire strategy and profitability and survival of organization. Marketer must conduct a thorough analysis on its competitor before coming up with pricing strategy (Paladino et al. 2015). At times low priced items are considered as inferior goods quality when consumer compares product with competitor. Also, Management customer tends to value their money when evaluating an overpriced item (Jaworski and Kohli 2017). Its important for a marketer to have deep understanding of target market. Placement of product is a key area of product mix. Distribution point of product should be accessible by potential buyer community (Bao et al. 2015). While developing distribution strategy product owner should account few aspects like sales force capability, distribution channel, online footprint. Promotion is one important aspect of marketing for enhancing brand recognition and sales. This comprises of multiple attributes such as public relations, advertising, sales promotion. Advertising covers communication methodology like print media, television, and online promotion (Jaworski and Kohli 2017). Public relations are communications that are not paid. Seminars, conferences are typical examples. To create effective promotion strategy marketer should assess how optimally social media can be leveraged. Employees are key asset of marketing organization as they are the one who delivers the service. Its important for organization to hire skilled people and having a skill development framework in place to train employees. Motivated employee can rightly assess the business model and helps in scaling up business of organization (Mintz and Currim 2013). Its a pre requisite of successful execution of a marketing strategy is having a well defined process in place. This helps in minimizing cost and maximizes profit (Caruana et al. 2015). In service industry its important to have physical evidence to support delivery of service. Customers need to rely on physical cues to make decision on service evaluation. When service is non-tangible in nature so its role of marketer to design and implement tangible evidence. Example can be Nike where a sports shoe is the product and store is the physical evidence (Helm and Gritsch 2014). The mainstream viewpoint of the concept of market orientation highlights the fact that customers need to be given the most importance in the market orientation. Out of the various marketing concepts, the mainstream view point highlights the fact that market orientation has customers at its core (Bahadir et al. 2015). However, the alternative view point highlights the fact that along with customers, the promotional mix has to be given importance as well. Since the number of customers being drawn towards a particular brand depends on the way the products are promoted, hence adequate importance needs to be given to the promotional mix as well (Jaworski and Kohli 2017). This is the alternative view that is being developed gradually and hence a shift in the focus from the customers to the marketing and promotions have been observed (Jaworski and Kohli 2017). The principle question being asked in the reviewed literature is whether adequate importance is being given to the concept of marketing orientation in the companies or not. This is an essential question since the market orientation concept has an immense role to play in enhancing a business (Morgan and Strong 2015). The business organizations need to consider the demands of the customers along with the analysis of the competitors, in order to establish themselves as leaders. It has been highlighted that the market orientation is dependent on the marketing plans (Jaworski and Kohli 2017). Hence, the marketing plan has to be developed in such a way that the market orientation could be aligned easily. The general conclusion that is drawn highlights the facts that market orientation has a key role to play, in assisting then business organizations gain leadership in the market. The market orientation is mainly focused on the customers and the fulfilment of the demands of the customers (Jaworski and Kohli 2017). With the growing competition among the business houses, it is essential to incorporate the market orientation concept in the business to maintain a leadership position among the contemporary organizations. The conclusion that has been drawn highlights the fact that market orientation is essential to understand the demand of the market as well as the customers. Once the demands are identified the business organizations are able to work towards the achievement of the goals. Market orientation is also essential for ensuring customer retention. The literature reviewed agrees to the fact that market ordination is an essential concept and needs to be incorporated by the business organizations. The core attention is given to the customers in the market orientation concept. Most of the literature highlights the facts that with adequate importance attached to the concept of market orientation, the productivity of the business organizations are enhanced and the process of customer retention is also ensured. Thus, the importance and significance of the market orientation concept is realized by all. However, the concept of marketing and market orientation is quite different and that has been highlighted by all the literatures (Chen et al. 2015). While reviewing the literature on the concept of market orientation, some gaps in the literature have been found. Not all the literature was recent. Moreover, most of the literatures included the overall concept of marketing, thus not giving adequate importance to the concepts of market orientation. The issues and disadvantages that are focused might not be relevant in the present day scenario. Finally, it might be concluded that the concept of market orientation is an essential marketing concept that focuses of fulfilling the customer demands. This is one of the concepts of marketing and needs to be diligently practiced by the business organizations. This assignment highlights the various concepts that are closely related to market orientation. These concepts include the customer orientation, inter-functional coordination, market orientation and marketing mix. Thus, incorporation of these concepts along with market orientation helps the business organizations to enhance their productivity. Various peer reviewed literature has been analysed and reviewed and the agreements among the literature has been mentioned in details. Finally, the gaps in the literature have been highlighted and the scope for further improvement has also been highlighted in this assignment. The identification of the gaps, call for further improvements in the review. Thus, the market orientation concept is an essential one and has to be given importance to utilize its advantages in the business organizations. References Acquaah, M., Amoako-Gyampah, K. and Jayaram, J., 2016. human resource Management and Market Orientation Strategies in Family and Non-family Firms in Ghana: how Do they relate to Competitive Strategy and Firm performance?. InFamily Businesses in Sub-Saharan Africa(pp. 123-153). Palgrave Macmillan US. Bahadir, S.C., Bharadwaj, S.G. and Srivastava, R.K., 2015. Marketing mix and brand sales in global markets: Examining the contingent role of country-market characteristics.Journal of International Business Studies,46(5), pp.596-619. Baker, W.E. and Sinkula, J.M., 2015. Market Orientation and Organizational Performance: A New Product Paradox?. InCreating and Delivering Value in Marketing(pp. 254-254). Springer International Publishing. Bao, Y., Fong, E., Landry, T.D. and Zhou, K.Z., 2015. Strategic consensus of market orientation: a transitional economy perspective.Journal of Strategic Marketing,23(4), pp.364-378. Becker, N. and Brettel, M., 2017. Analyzing the Mediating Effect of Learning Orientation on the Relationship of Market Orientation and Company Performance in Times of Turbulence. InThe Customer is NOT Always Right? Marketing Orientationsin a Dynamic Business World(pp. 787-787). Springer, Cham. Boso, N., Story, V.M. and Cadogan, J.W., 2013. Entrepreneurial orientation, market orientation, network ties, and performance: Study of entrepreneurial firms in a developing economy.Journal of Business Venturing,28(6), pp.708-727. Caruana, A., Ramaseshan, B. and Ewing, M.T., 2015. The Link Between Market Orientation and Performance in Universities: Some Empirical Evidence. InProceedings of the 1997 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference(pp. 263-263). Springer, Cham. Chen, Y., Tang, G., Jin, J., Li, J. and Paill, P., 2015. Linking market orientation and environmental performance: The influence of environmental strategy, employees environmental involvement, and environmental product quality.Journal of Business Ethics,127(2), pp.479-500. Helm, R. and Gritsch, S., 2014. Examining the influence of uncertainty on marketing mix strategy elements in emerging business to business export-markets.International Business Review,23(2), pp.418-428. Huang, R. and Sarigll, E., 2014. How brand awareness relates to market outcome, brand equity, and the marketing mix. InFashion Branding and Consumer Behaviors(pp. 113-132). Springer New York. Jaworski, B.J. and Kohli, A.K., 2017. Conducting field-based, discovery-oriented research: lessons from our market orientation research experience.AMS Review, pp.1-9. Mintz, O. and Currim, I.S., 2013. What drives managerial use of marketing and financial metrics and does metric use affect performance of marketing-mix activities?.Journal of Marketing,77(2), pp.17-40. Morgan, R.E. and Strong, C.A., 2015. Competitive Strategy and Market Orientation: The Relationship and its Implications. InProceedings of the 1998 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference(pp. 232-232). Springer International Publishing. Paladino, A., Widing, R. and Whitwell, G., 2015. Internal and external organisational orientations: Comparing the resource based view and market orientation. InGlobal perspectives in marketing for the 21st century(pp. 338-338). Springer International Publishing. Pulendran, S., Speed, R. and Widing II, R., 2015. Marketing Planning, Market Orientation and Performance: An Empirical Study of Australian Organisations. InProceedings of the 1998 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference(pp. 455-456). Springer International Publishing. Urde, M., Baumgarth, C. and Merrilees, B., 2013. Brand orientation and market orientationFrom alternatives to synergy.Journal of Business Research,66(1), pp.13-20.

The Diminishing Privacy by Technology Essay Sample free essay sample

Peoples use computing machines on a day-to-day footing. They are a familiar modern convenience that employers and families are accustomed to. While they offer a wealth of services that make life much easier. many may non to the full comprehend that paying measures. buying an point. or even using for a occupation on the computing machine may set their privateness at hazard. Numerous hours are exhausted on-line everyday to shop. direct electronic mails. wage measures. download music. and the list goes on and on. Social networking sites are another internet compulsion. They allow one to post and see what is traveling on in the lives of friends and household. It besides allows others to watch and be cognizant that houses are vacant or person is entirely. Publicly posting this information makes for easy quarry and many may non recognize their safety is at hazard. Often clip people are cautious about what type of placing information they provide online. We will write a custom essay sample on The Diminishing Privacy by Technology Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Although legion sites request information such as an reference. Social Security figure. or day of the month of birth. many are loath to supply such information. Harmonizing to a study sponsored by TRUSTe. executive manager Susan Scott indicated that. â€Å"41 per centum of respondents would discontinue a Web page instead than uncover any personal information about themselves† ( 442 ) . Is it the â€Å"s† at the terminal of hypertext transfer protocol in the browser that gives reassurance that it is safe to supply a Social Security figure and any other personal designation needed to use for that recognition card or loan? Even though the information is supposed to be secure. it may be captured and used by more than merely the loaner. Others may derive entree to the personal information that was provided utilizing it for their benefit and doing an inauspicious consequence on person else. When this occurs. it is known as individuality larceny. Take a state of affairs where a debit/credit card to a look intoing history was used to do a purchase online. Finally that card is cancelled and a new card is issued to the same history. Several old ages subsequently a call is received from the bank’s fraud hotline indicating that person is trying to treat an on-line purchase on the closed card. Unbeknownst to the mean Joe. computing machines provide chances for tech understanding stealers to derive private information that may let them entree to personal bank histories and much more. It is non merely the illegal wrongdoers garnering the private information of others ; it is besides companies that are roll uping information to use when doing of import determinations. As writer Joshua Quittner comments. â€Å"At least a 3rd of all Fortune 500 companies on a regular basis review wellness information before doing engaging decisions† ( 440 ) . It is unfortunate. but many persons are non even aware that they are being discriminated against for occupation chances. wellness insurance. and loans because of information obtained that was one time thought to be private. Who would hold imagined that intervention for an unwellness could be acquired through public agencies to be used in a determination doing procedure against person. Quittner farther cites a instance survey published in the Science and Engineering Ethics wherein more than two 100 topics were discriminated against as a consequence of familial proving that indicated they may go ill someday ( 440 ) . With c omputing machines being a portion of about every work environment and family. existent privateness is something of the yesteryear. Now that most computing machines in the workplace are connected to the cyberspace. employers give warning that they often monitor their employees’ computing machine activities. They want to cognize what web sites are being viewed. what is being transmitted and what information is being stored on the computing machines. Employers may experience this is their right because it allows them to protect the company from loss of proprietary information. confidential leaks and possible cyberspace invasions. However. it is non merely employers that watch cyberspace surfboarding. There are persons that are paid to watch when visitants view their sites. Quittner refers to a statement by Nick Grouf. a Chief executive officer of a Boston Company that states. â€Å"Cookies represent a manner of watching consumers without their consent. and that is a reasonably awful phenomenon† ( 442 ) . This is accomplished by what Quittner refers to as â€Å"magic cookies† which are spots of codifications stored on computing machines that most web sites use to track visitants ( 442 ) . As engineering continues to progress and people volitionally provide personal information they believe will be secure. they run the hazard of holding their information exposed for public cognition. However. since most persons revel in the luxury and convenience that engineering provides. there will go on to be a diminishing deficiency of private information and personal security. Work Cited Quittner. Joshua. â€Å"Invasion of Privacy. † Writing in the Disciplines. Ed. Mary Lynch Kennedy and William J. Kennedy. Upper Saddle River. New jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. 2008. 609-615.

Facts About Muscle Tissue

Facts About Muscle Tissue Muscle tissue is made of excitable cells that are capable of contraction. Of all the different tissue types (muscle, epithelial, connective, and nervous), muscle tissue is the most abundant tissue in most animals, including in humans. Muscle Tissue Types Muscle tissue contains numerous microfilaments composed of the contractile proteins actin and myosin. These proteins are responsible for movement in muscles. The three major types of muscle tissue are: Cardiac Muscle: Cardiac muscle is so named because it is found in the heart. Cells are joined to one another by intercalated discs, which allow the synchronization of the heartbeat. Cardiac muscle is branched, striated muscle. The heart wall consists of three layers: epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium. Myocardium is the middle muscular layer of the heart. Myocardial muscle fibers carry electrical impulses through the heart that power cardiac conduction.  Skeletal Muscle: Skeletal muscle, which is attached to the bones by tendons, is controlled by the peripheral nervous system and associated with the bodys voluntary movements. Skeletal muscle is striated muscle. Unlike cardiac muscle, the cells are not branched. Skeletal muscle cells are covered by connective tissue, which protects and supports muscle fiber bundles. Blood vessels and nerves run through the connective tissue, supplying muscle cells with oxygen and nerve impulses that allow for muscle contraction. Skeletal muscle is organized into several muscle groups that work in coordination to perform body movements. Some of these groupings include head and neck muscles (facial expressions, chewing, and neck movement), trunk muscles (moving the chest, back, abdomen, and vertebral column), upper extremity muscles (moving the shoulders, arms, hands, and fingers), and lower extremity muscles (moving the legs, ankles, feet, and toes). Visceral (Smooth) Muscle: Visceral muscle is found in various parts of the body including the blood vessels, the bladder, and the digestive tract as well as in many other hollow organs. Like cardiac muscle, most visceral muscle is regulated by the autonomic nervous system and is under involuntary control. Visceral muscle is also called smooth muscle because it doesnt have cross striations. Visceral muscle contracts slower than skeletal muscle, but the contraction can be sustained over a longer period of time. Organs of the cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, and reproductive systems are lined with smooth muscle. This muscle can be described as rhythmic or tonic. Rhythmic, or phasic, smooth muscle contracts periodically and spends most of the time in a relaxed state. Tonic smooth muscle remains contracted for the majority of the time and only relaxes periodically. Other Facts About Muscle Tissue Adults have a certain number of muscle cells. Through exercise, such as weight lifting, the cells enlarge but the overall number of cells does not increase. Skeletal muscles are voluntary muscles because we have control over their contraction. Our brains control skeletal muscle movement. However, reflex reactions of skeletal muscle are an exception. These are involuntary reactions to external stimuli. Visceral muscles are involuntary because, for the most part, they are not consciously controlled. Smooth and cardiac muscles are under the control of the peripheral nervous system.

Postal rule Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Postal rule - Essay Example Its main effect is that the danger of acceptance being lost or delivered late by post is completely placed on the offered. Thus, if the offered is unwilling to accept the risk involved, he can acquire the actual receipt before binding legally. (Cook, 2008) Acceptance and offer analysis is an age-old approach of contract law, which is used in order to determine whether there is an agreement between two individuals or parties. A number of things can be offered, like a fax, newspaper, letter, email and also conduct as long as it conveys the idea of the offered given in the contract. An invitation to treat is not considered as an offer as it only indicates that a person is willing to discuss a contract. If the person the offer has been made to rejects it, the offer is destroyed, as it cannot be received in the future. Like in the case of Hyde v. Wrench, in reply to an offer for selling an estate at a definite price, the plaintiff responded with a lower price. Thus, the offer was then refused and when the plaintiff wanted to buy the estate at the former price, they could not as no contract was signed with the initial offer and hence it did not exist. (Undy, 1996) In revocation of an offer, the offered can revoke the offer even before it has been accepted, but this revocation must be conveyed to the person offered to. If a certain offer has been made to the whole world, like in Carlill's case, the revocation must be in the same form as the offer. Acceptance is the final expression of agreement to the terms of the offer. There are several rules of acceptance. An acceptance must be conveyed; as before making an acceptance the offer can be withdrawn. Only the person the offer has been offered to can accept the offer. The latter, is not responsible if some other person accepts the offer without his knowledge. If any method of acceptance, like email or post, is specified in the offer, then only those methods can be used which are as effective as the one given. Lastly, like in the Felthouse v. Bindley case, silence cannot be taken as acceptance. The offer is rejected or terminated in case the offered dies. In such case if the offer is still accepted, it remains valid. However, if the person the offer has been made to dies, then the offer becomes invalid. (Hedley, 2006) In recent times, among the easiest of legal questions asked in the field of contract law is linked with the advances in computer technology and is whether the mailbox rule should be applicable to the most modern and very quickly becoming the most accepted mode of communication - electronic mail or simply email. Today we live in the silicon age and this age has given us the world of the cyberspace. It has been debated over and over again whether postal rule should be applied to email. Both post and email are almost same. An email does not directly reach its destination. Thus, the sender does not have any control over the message. It reaches its destination taking incremental steps just like post. Thus, none of the parties can be blamed for a delay. Therefore, we can see that postal rule can be applied to email. (Lasensky, 2005) In conclusion, it should be stated that the judges in Brinkibon also noticed that this mode of communica

Age of info 7osam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Age of info 7osam - Essay Example The big question however is whether the ICT revolution has actually been taken advantage of uniformly by all sections of people in a country and by all countries. This has obviously not happened. Within the same country, ICT has not pervaded in all sections of people; and between different countries, ICT development has varied from country to country. This has resulted in what has come to be termed as the Digital Divide. Fink and Kenny (2009) gives four possible interpretations of ‘Digital Divide’: â€Å"a gap in access to use of ICTs, crudely measured by the number and spread of telephones or web-enabled computers, for instance; a gap in the ability to use ICTs, measured by the skills base and the presence of numerous complimentary assets; a gap in actual use †¦; and a gap in the impact of use, measured by financial and economic returns†. Since the very early days of the ICT revolution, it has been increasingly apparent that even though ICT development may not be an end in itself, the application of ICTs and ICT tools is instrumental in enabling development. If this is the case, then it would imply that countries on the lacking side of the Digital Divide would be at a distinct and definite disadvantage compared to countries that have been able to take full advantage of the ICT revolution. Countries which, for whatever reasons, have lagged behind in the adoption of ICT would also lag behind in overall development, this in turn would again restrict them from adopting ICT, resulting in a vicious cycle that would divide the world into haves and have-nots. When speaking from the perspective of countries as a whole, the digital divide has been noticeable especially in the case of developed and developing countries. â€Å"The core of the digital divide creed is that the spread to ubiquity of information and communication technologies (ICTs) in developed countries is leaving the developing world behind, with potentially cataclysmic consequences in terms of

HIT Governance, Regulations and Policy

HIT Governance, Regulations and Policy Melchor Abejon   The management and leadership of an organization play a significant role in determining the effectiveness of information technology. The use of Health Information Technology (HIT) to improve the healthcare service delivery is constantly increasing, thus it becomes an imperative for every Health Care Organization (HCO) to have an effective Information Technology (IT) governance in place to ensure that the use of HIT aligns with the strategic goals and objectives of the organization, and to effectively prioritized the limited resources. As the Chief Information Officer (CIO) of the academic healthcare system, the purpose of this paper is to: Define IT governance and describe the characteristics of a well-developed IT governance mechanism that are desirable for the organization. Create an assessment of the current state of HIT governance in the organization. Create an assessment of the organizations HIT governance capabilities. Definition of IT Governance Gartner (2017) defines IT governance as the processes that ensure the efficient and effective use of IT in enabling an organization to achieve its goals.   It is composed of the processes, relationships in reporting, committees and roles that an organization develops to make decisions about IT resources and activities, and to manage the execution of the decisions. These decisions involve defining project management approaches, setting priorities, determining budgets and addressing IT problems. Characteristics of a well-developed IT Governance Mechanism Wager, Lee and Glaser (2013) has given the following characteristics of a well-developed HIT governance mechanism as enumerated below: Objective and fair. Organizational participants should view governance as objective, fair, well-reasoned, and having integrity. The capability of governance to govern is highly dependent on the willingness of the organizational participants to be governed. Efficient and timely. The governance processes should be efficient and not bureaucratic. It should arrive to decisions quickly. Makes authority clear. A good IT governance enables committees and individuals who have decision authority to have a clear understanding of the scope of their roles and authority. Capability to evolve. A good IT governance mechanism should evolve as the organization, its environment and the use of technology in the organization evolves. Assessment of the Current State of HIT Governance and Capabilities of the Organization Methodology Basing from the described current IT governance structure of the organization in the scenario, and as the CIO of the organization, I believe that a good way to start in establishing a consideration to implement a new health IT governance structure for the organization is to assess the current health IT governance structure. The assessment will include identifying the organizations current maturity by completing a baseline assessment using a qualitative tool which is the Informatics Capability Maturity Model (ICMM) developed by the United Kingdoms National Health Service. The tool will not only assess the current maturity of the organizations health IT governance, but it also determines how capable the organization will be to improve its current health IT governance in order to achieve its strategic objectives. The ICMM also provides an easy quick starting point for organizational level discussions on informatics capabilities and highlighting the most essential areas for consideration . Procedure. Using the ICMM tool, I will evaluate my organizations HIT governance current status and capabilities by assessing five different dimensions. In each of the dimensions are five levels of maturity that ranges from basic (least mature) to innovative (most mature). For each maturity level, I will compare the characteristics and recognize my organizations appropriate position based on the maturity scale. Below are the five dimensions that will serve as my basis for my assessment: Management of information. In this dimension, I would assess the organizations procedures for data collection, data management, and sharing of information across the organization. Assessing this dimension would also enable me to understand the organizations capability in information security, information availability and reliability. A high score in this dimension indicates that the organizational participants or users have access to the right information at the right time. Use of business intelligence. In this dimension, I would assess the organizations approach to analyzing and presenting data to produce the needed information for decision making in the organizations business and clinical area. Assessing this dimension would also enable me to understand the organizations capability to monitor key performance indicators and metrics, ability to communicate essential information and as well as on how the organization invest in its strategic assets such as IT. Use of information technology. In this dimension, I would assess the organizations innovative use of IT. Assessing this dimension would also enable me to understand the organizations transfer of information, methods of information capture, and in sharing and reporting of information. Business and informatics alignment. In this dimension, I would assess how the organization considers and values informatics as a strategic asset in meeting its goals and objectives. Assessing this dimension would also enable me to understand the organizations focus of corporate resources on business activities, strategic plans, organizations activities that are relevant to current strategies and the organizations focus on outcome and results of activities within the organization. Change management. In this dimension, I would assess the organizations approach to realizing the benefits of informatics enabled business change. Assessment of this dimension would also enable me to understand the capability of the organization to realign its strategy and activities through periods of change and as well as capability of the organization to deal with complex changes and readiness for change. After a thorough analysis and determination of my organizations HIT governance status and capabilities based on the ICMMs maturity scale, the result of the assessment will be brought up to the senior leadership of the organization for discussion and identification of areas in the organization that have the potential for informatics capability improvement. A low score across all five dimensions would probably suggest for either a need for improvement or change in the organizations health IT governance structure. After discussing the results with the senior leadership and identifying the need for improvement or change, evidence or evidences will be collected to support the assessment and a proposal for capability development actions has to be created. The last step would be to develop strategies that would reflect the actions agreed upon by all stakeholders in the organization. This could be improving the current health IT governance or identifying a potential health IT governance structure that would be appropriate for the organization. Basing from the described health IT governance of the healthcare system in the scenario, an IT governance structure that enables effective prioritization of competing initiatives is absolutely needed. After improving or implementing a new IT governance structure for an organization, it is imperative that the progress has to be reviewed again through reassessment using the ICMM tool. References IT Governance. (2017). Retrieved February 27, 2017 from http://www.gartner.com/it-glossary/it-governance/ Nelson, R. Staggers, N. (2014). Health Informatics: An Interprofessional Approach. St. Louis, MO.: Elsevier Mosby. United Kingdoms National Health Service (n.d.). Informatics capability maturity model (ICMM) tool. Retrieved February 26, 2017 from http://content.digital.nhs.uk/article/4933/ICMM-tool Wager, K.A., Lee, F.W., Glaser, J.P. (2013). Healthcare information systems: A practical approach for health care management (3rd ed). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass